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QUESTION NO:1
Which two commands are required to enable multicast on a router, knowing that the receivers only
support IGMPv2? (Choose two.)
A. ip pim rp-address
B. ip pim ssm
C. ip pim sparse-mode
D. ip pim passive
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Sparse mode logic (pull mode) is the opposite of Dense mode logic (push mode), in Dense mode
it is supposed that in every network there is someone who is requesting the multicast traffic so
PIM-DM routers begin by flooding the multicast traffic out of all their interfaces except those from
where a prune message is received to eliminate the
QUESTION NO:4
Refer to the exhibit.
R1 has an EBGP session to ISP 1 and an EBGP session to ISP 2. R1 receives the same prefixes
through both links.
Which configuration should be applied so that the link between R1 and ISP 2 will be preferred for
outgoing traffic (R1 to ISP 2)?
A. Increase local preference on R1 for received routes
B. Decrease local preference on R1 for received routes
C. Increase MED on ISP 2 for received routes
D. Decrease MED on ISP 2 for received routes
Answer: A
Explanation: Explanation
Local preference is an indication to the AS about which path has preference to exit the AS in order
to reach a certain network. A path with higher local preference is preferred more. The default value
of preference is 100.
Reference
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk872/technologies_configuration_example09186a0080b82d1f.s
html?
referring_site=smartnavRD
QUESTION NO:7
Which statement is true about TCN propagation?
A. The originator of the TCN immediately floods this information through the network.
B. The TCN propagation is a two step process.
C. A TCN is generated and sent to the root bridge.
D. The root bridge must flood this information throughout the network.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
New Topology Change Mechanisms
When an 802.1D bridge detects a topology change, it uses a reliable mechanism to first notify the
root bridge.
This is shown in this diagram:
Once the root bridge is aware of a change in the topology of the network, it sets the TC flag on the
BPDUs it sends out, which are then relayed to all the bridges in the network. When a bridge
receives a BPDU with the TC flag bit set, it reduces its bridging-table aging time to forward delay
seconds. This ensures a relatively quick flush of stale information. Refer to Understanding
Spanning-Tree Protocol Topology Changes for more information on this process. This topology
change mechanism is deeply remodeled in RSTP. Both the detection of a topology change and its
propagation through the network evolve.
Topology Change Detection
In RSTP, only non-edge ports that move to the forwarding state cause a topology change. This
means that a loss of connectivity is not considered as a topology change any more, contrary to
802.1D (that is, a port that moves to blocking no longer generates a TC). When a RSTP bridge
detects a topology change, these occur:
It starts the TC While timer with a value equal to twice the hello-time for all its non-edge
designated ports and its root port, if necessary.
It flushes the MAC addresses associated with all these ports.
Note: As long as the TC While timer runs on a port, the BPDUs sent out of that port have the TC
bit set.
BPDUs are also sent on the root port while the timer is active.
Topology Change Propagation
When a bridge receives a BPDU with the TC bit set from a neighbor, these occur:
It clears the MAC addresses learned on all its ports, except the one that receives the topology
change.
It starts the TC While timer and sends BPDUs with TC set on all its designated ports and root port
(RSTP no longer uses the specific TCN BPDU, unless a legacy bridge needs to be notified).
This way, the TCN floods very quickly across the whole network. The TC propagation is now a one
step process. In fact, the initiator of the topology change floods this information throughout the
network, as opposed to 802.1D where only the root did. This mechanism is much faster than the
802.1D equivalent. There is no need to wait for the root bridge to be notified and then maintain the
topology change state for the whole network for seconds.
In just a few seconds, or a small multiple of hello-times, most of the entries in the CAM tables of
the entire network (VLAN) flush. This approach results in potentially more temporary flooding, but
on the other hand it clears potential stale information that prevents rapid connectivity restitution.
Reference
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk621/technologies_white_paper09186a0080094cfa.shtml
QUESTION NO:8
Which statement is true about loop guard?
A. Loop guard only operates on interfaces that are considered point-to-point by the spanning tree.
B. Loop guard only operates on root ports.
C. Loop guard only operates on designated ports.
D. Loop guard only operates on edge ports.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Understanding How Loop Guard Works
Unidirectional link failures may cause a root port or alternate port to become designated as root if
BPDUs are absent. Some software failures may introduce temporary loops in the network. Loop
guard checks if a root port or an alternate root port receives BPDUs. If the port is receiving
BPDUs, loop guard puts the port into an inconsistent state until it starts receiving BPDUs again.
Loop guard isolates the failure and lets spanning tree converge to a stable topology without the
failed link or bridge.
You can enable loop guard per port with the set spantree guard loop command.
Note When you are in MST mode, you can set all the ports on a switch with the set spantree
global-defaults loop-guard command.
When you enable loop guard, it is automatically applied to all of the active instances or VLANs to
which that port belongs. When you disable loop guard, it is disabled for the specified ports.
Disabling loop guard moves all loop-inconsistent ports to the listening state.
If you enable loop guard on a channel and the first link becomes unidirectional, loop guard blocks
the entire channel until the affected port is removed from the channel. Figure 8-6 shows loop
guard in a triangle switch configuration.
Figure 8-6 Triangle Switch Configuration with Loop Guard
Figure 8-6 illustrates the following configuration:
Switches A and B are distribution switches.
Switch C is an access switch.
Loop guard is enabled on ports 3/1 and 3/2 on Switches A, B, and C.
Use loop guard only in topologies where there are blocked ports. Topologies that have no blocked
ports, which are loop free, do not need to enable this feature. Enabling loop guard on a root switch
has no effect but provides protection when a root switch becomes a nonroot switch.
Follow these guidelines when using loop guard:
Do not enable loop guard on PortFast-enabled or dynamic VLAN ports.
Do not enable PortFast on loop guard-enabled ports.
Do not enable loop guard if root guard is enabled.
Do not enable loop guard on ports that are connected to a shared link.
Note: We recommend that you enable loop guard on root ports and alternate root ports on access
switches.
Loop guard interacts with other features as follows:
Loop guard does not affect the functionality of UplinkFast or BackboneFast.
Root guard forces a port to always be designated as the root port. Loop guard is effective only if
the port is a root port or an alternate port. Do not enable loop guard and root guard on a port at the
same time.
PortFast transitions a port into a forwarding state immediately when a link is established. Because
a PortFast-enabled port will not be a root port or alternate port, loop guard and PortFast cannot be
configured on the same port. Assigning dynamic VLAN membership for the port requires that the
port is PortFast enabled. Do not configure a loop guard-enabled port with dynamic VLAN
membership.
If your network has a type-inconsistent port or a PVID-inconsistent port, all BPDUs are dropped
until the misconfiguration is corrected. The port transitions out of the inconsistent state after the
message age expires. Loop guard ignores the message age expiration on type-inconsistent ports
and PVID-inconsistent ports. If the port is already blocked by loop guard, misconfigured BPDUs
that are received on the port make loop guard recover, but the port is moved into the type-
inconsistent state or PVID-inconsistent state.
In high-availability switch configurations, if a port is put into the blocked state by loop guard, it
remains blocked even after a switchover to the redundant supervisor engine. The newly activated
supervisor engine recovers the port only after receiving a BPDU on that port.
Loop guard uses the ports known to spanning tree. Loop guard can take advantage of logical ports
provided by the Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP). However, to form a channel, all the physical
ports grouped in the channel must have compatible configurations. PAgP enforces uniform
configurations of root guard or loop guard on all the physical ports to form a channel.
These caveats apply to loop guard:
QUESTION NO:10
Which command is used to enable EtherChannel hashing for Layer 3 IP and Layer 4 port-based
CEF?
A. mpls ip cef
B. port-channel ip cef
C. mpls ip port-channel cef
D. port-channel load balance
E. mpls ip load-balance
F. ip cef EtherChannel channel-id XOR L4
G. ip cef connection exchange
Answer: D
Explanation:
400-101 PDF Dumps400-101 VCE Dumps400-101 Exam Questions
QUESTION NO:15
Which three options are considered in the spanning-tree decision process? (Choose three.)
A. lowest root bridge ID
B. lowest path cost to root bridge
C. lowest sender bridge ID
D. highest port ID
E. highest root bridge ID
F. highest path cost to root bridge
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Configuration bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) are sent between switches for each port.
Switches use s four step process to save a copy of the best BPDU seen on every port. When a
port receives a better BPDU, it stops sending them. If the BPDUs stop arriving for 20 seconds
(default), it begins sending them again.
Step 1 Lowest Root Bridge ID (BID)
Step 2 Lowest Path Cost to Root Bridge
Step 3 Lowest Sender BID
Step 4 Lowest Port ID
Reference
Cisco General Networking Theory Quick Reference Sheets
QUESTION NO:16
In 802.1s, how is the VLAN to instance mapping represented in the BPDU?
A. The VLAN to instance mapping is a normal 16-byte field in the MST BPDU.
B. The VLAN to instance mapping is a normal 12-byte field in the MST BPDU.
C. The VLAN to instance mapping is a 16-byte MD5 signature field in the MST BPDU.
D. The VLAN to instance mapping is a 12-byte MD5 signature field in the MST BPDU.
Answer: C
Explanation:
MST Configuration and MST Region
Each switch running MST in the network has a single MST configuration that consists of these
three attributes:
1. An alphanumeric configuration name (32 bytes)
2. A configuration revision number (two bytes)
3. A 4096-element table that associates each of the potential 4096 VLANs supported on the
chassis to a given instance.
In order to be part of a common MST region, a group of switches must share the same
configuration attributes.
It is up to the network administrator to properly propagate the configuration throughout the region.
Currently, this step is only possible by the means of the command line interface (CLI) or through
Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP). Other methods can be envisioned, as the IEEE specification does
not explicitly mention how to accomplish that step.
Note: If for any reason two switches differ on one or more configuration attribute, the switches are
part of different regions. For more information refer to the Region Boundary section of this
document.
Region Boundary
In order to ensure consistent VLAN-to-instance mapping, it is necessary for the protocol to be able
to exactly identify the boundaries of the regions. For that purpose, the characteristics of the region
are included in the BPDUs. The exact VLANs-to-instance mapping is not propagated in the BPDU,
because the switches only need to know whether they are in the same region as a neighbor.
Therefore, only a digest of the VLANs-toinstance mapping table is sent, along with the revision
number and the name. Once a switch receives a BPDU, the switch extracts the digest (a
numerical value derived from the VLAN-to-instance mapping table through a mathematical
function) and compares this digest with its own computed digest. If the digests differ, the port on
which the BPDU was received is at the boundary of a region.
In generic terms, a port is at the boundary of a region if the designated bridge on its segment is in
a different region or if it receives legacy 802.1d BPDUs. In this diagram, the port on B1 is at the
boundary of region A, whereas the ports on B2 and B3 are internal to region B:
MST Instances
According to the IEEE 802.1s specification, an MST bridge must be able to handle at least these
two instances:
One Internal Spanning Tree (IST)
One or more Multiple Spanning Tree Instance(s) (MSTIs)
The terminology continues to evolve, as 802.1s is actually in a pre-standard phase. It is likely
these names will change in the final release of 802.1s. The Cisco implementation supports 16
instances: one IST (instance 0) and 15 MSTIs.
show vtp status
Cisco switches “show vtp status” Field Descriptions has a MD5 digest field that is a 16-byte
checksum of the
VTP configuration as shown below
Router# show vtp status
VTP Version: 3 (capable)
Configuration Revision: 1
Maximum VLANs supported locally: 1005
Number of existing VLANs: 37
VTP Operating Mode: Server
VTP Domain Name: [smartports]
VTP Pruning Mode: Disabled
VTP V2 Mode: Enabled
VTP Traps Generation: Disabled
MD5 digest : 0x26 0xEE 0x0D 0x84 0x73 0x0E 0x1B 0x69
Configuration last modified by 172.20.52.19 at 7-25-08 14:33:43
Local updater ID is 172.20.52.19 on interface Gi5/2 (first layer3 interface fou)
VTP version running: 2
Reference
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk389/tk621/technologies_white_paper09186a0080094cfc.shtml
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios-xml/ios/lanswitch/command/lsw-cr-book.pdf
QUESTION NO:17
Which three combinations are valid LACP configurations that will set up a channel? (Choose
three.)
A. On/On
B. On/Auto
C. Passive/Active
D. Desirable/Auto
E. Active/Active
F. Desirable/Desirable
Answer: A,C,E
Explanation:
QUESTION NO:19
Which two options does Cisco PfR use to control the entrance link selection with inbound
optimization? (Choose two.)
A. Prepend extra AS hops to the BGP prefix.
B. Advertise more specific BGP prefixes (longer mask).
C. Add (prepend) one or more communities to the prefix that is advertised by BGP.
D. Have BGP dampen the prefix.
Answer: A,C
Explanation: PfR Entrance Link Selection Control Techniques
The PfR BGP inbound optimization feature introduced the ability to influence inbound traffic. A
network advertises reachability of its inside prefixes to the Internet using eBGP advertisements to
its ISPs. If the same prefix is advertised to more than one ISP, then the network is multihoming.
PfR BGP inbound optimization works best with multihomed networks, but it can also be used with
a network that has multiple connections to the same ISP. To implement BGP inbound
optimization, PfR manipulates eBGP advertisements to influence the best entrance selection for
traffic bound for inside prefixes. The benefit of implementing the best entrance selection is limited
to a network that has more than one ISP connection.
To enforce an entrance link selection, PfR offers the following methods:
BGP Autonomous System Number Prepend When an entrance link goes out-of-policy (OOP) due
to delay, or in images prior to Cisco IOS Releases 15.2(1) T1 and 15.1(2)S, and PfR selects a
best entrance for an inside prefix, extra autonomous system hops are prepended one at a time (up
to a maximum of six) to the inside prefix BGP advertisement over the other entrances. In Cisco
IOS Releases 15.2(1)T1, 15.1(2)S, and later releases, when an entrance link goes out-of policy
(OOP) due to unreachable or loss reasons, and PfR selects a best entrance for an inside prefix,
six extra autonomous system hops are prepended immediately to the inside prefix BGP
advertisement over the other entrances. The extra autonomous system hops on the other
entrances increase the probability that the best entrance will be used for the inside prefix. When
the entrance link is OOP due to unreachable or loss reasons, six extra autonomous system hops
are added immediately to allow the software to quickly move the traffic away from the old entrance
link. This is the default method PfR uses to control an inside prefix, and no user configuration is
required.
BGP Autonomous System Number Community Prepend
When an entrance link goes out-of-policy (OOP) due to delay, or in images prior to Cisco IOS
Releases 15.2
(1)T1 and 15.1(2)S, and PfR selects a best entrance for an inside prefix, a BGP prepend
community is attached one at a time (up to a maximum of six) to the inside prefix BGP
advertisement from the network to another autonomous system such as an ISP. In Cisco IOS
Releases 15.2(1)T1, 15.1(2)S, and later releases, when an entrance link goes out-of-policy (OOP)
due to unreachable or loss reasons, and PfR selects a best entrance for an inside prefix, six BGP
prepend communities are attached to the inside prefix BGP advertisement. The BGP prepend
community will increase the number of autonomous system hops in the advertisement of the
inside prefix from the ISP to its peers. Autonomous system prepend BGP community is the
preferred method to be used for PfR BGP inbound optimization because there is no risk of the
local ISP filtering the extra autonomous system hops. There are some issues, for example, not all
ISPs support the BGP prepend community, ISP policies may ignore or modify the autonomous
system hops, and a transit ISP may filter the autonomous system path. If you use this method of
inbound optimization and a change is made to an autonomous system, you must issue an
outbound reconfiguration using the “clear ip bgp” command.
Reference
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios-xml/ios/pfr/configuration/15-2s/pfr-bgp-inbound.html#GUID-
F8A59E241D59-
4924-827D-B23B43D9A8E0
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8787/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html
QUESTION NO:25
Refer to the exhibit.
After a link flap in the network, which two EIGRP neighbors will not be queried for alternative
paths? (Choose two.)
A. 192.168.1.1
B. 192.168.3.7
C. 192.168.3.8
D. 192.168.3.6
E. 192.168.2.1
F. 192.168.3.9
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Both 192.168.3.7 and 192.168.3.8 are in an EIGRP Stub area
The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Stub Routing feature improves network
stability, reduces resource utilization, and simplifies stub router configuration.
Stub routing is commonly used in a hub and spoke network topology. In a hub and spoke network,
one or more end (stub) networks are connected to a remote router (the spoke) that is connected to
one or more distribution routers (the hub). The remote router is adjacent only to one or more
distribution routers. The only route for IP traffic to follow into the remote router is through a
distribution router. This type of configuration is commonly used in WAN topologies where the
distribution router is directly connected to a WAN. The distribution router can be connected to
many more remote routers. Often, the distribution router will be connected to 100 or more remote
routers. In a hub and spoke topology, the remote router must forward all nonlocal traffic to a
distribution router, so it becomes unnecessary for the remote router to hold a complete routing
table. Generally, the distribution router need not send anything more than a default route to the
remote router.
When using the EIGRP Stub Routing feature, you need to configure the distribution and remote
routers to use EIGRP, and to configure only the remote router as a stub. Only specified routes are
propagated from the remote (stub) router. The router responds to queries for summaries,
connected routes, redistributed static routes, external routes, and internal routes with the message
“inaccessible.” A router that is configured as a stub will send a special peer information packet to
all neighboring routers to report its status as a stub router. Any neighbor that receives a packet
informing it of the stub status will not query the stub router for any routes, and a router that has a
stub peer will not query that peer. The stub router will depend on the distribution router to send the
proper updates to all peers.
Reference
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_0s/feature/guide/eigrpstb.html#wp1021949
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