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Question 1:

What is called the verification that the user\’s claimed identity is valid and is usually implemented through a user password at log-on time?

A. Authentication

B. Identification

C. Integrity

D. Confidentiality

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Authentication is verification that the user\’s claimed identity is valid and is usually implemented through a user password at log-on time. Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 36

Question 2:

Which of the following does not apply to system-generated passwords?

A. Passwords are harder to remember for users.

B. If the password-generating algorithm gets to be known, the entire system is in jeopardy.

C. Passwords are more vulnerable to brute force and dictionary attacks.

D. Passwords are harder to guess for attackers.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: Users tend to choose easier to remember passwords. System-generated passwords can provide stronger, harder to guess passwords. Since they are based on rules provided by the administrator, they can include combinations of uppercase/lowercase letters, numbers and special characters, making them less vulnerable to brute force and dictionary attacks. One danger is that they are also harder to remember for users, who will tend to write them down, making them more vulnerable to anyone having access to the user\’s desk. Another danger with system-generated passwords is that if the password- generating algorithm gets to be known, the entire system is in jeopardy. Source: RUSSEL, Deborah and GANGEMI, G.T. Sr., Computer Security Basics, O\’Reilly, July 1992 (page 64).

Question 3:

Which of the following testing method examines internal structure or working of an application?

A. White-box testing

B. Parallel Test

C. Regression Testing

D. Pilot Testing

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing, and structural testing) is a method of testing software that tests internal structures or workings of an application, as opposed to its

functionality (i.e. black- box testing). In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the

appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).

White-box testing can be applied at the unit, integration and system levels of the software testing process. Although traditional testers tended to think of white-box testing as being done at the unit level, it is used for integration and system

testing more frequently today. It can test paths within a unit, paths between units during integration, and between subsystems during a system璴evel test. Though this method of test design can uncover many errors or problems, it has the

potential to miss unimplemented parts of the specification or missing requirements.

For your exam you should know the information below:

Alpha and Beta Testing – An alpha version is early version is an early version of the application system submitted to the internal user for testing. The alpha version may not contain all the features planned for the final version. Typically

software goes to two stages testing before it consider finished.The first stage is called alpha testing is often performed only by the user within the organization developing the software. The second stage is called beta testing, a form of user

acceptance testing, generally involves a limited number of external users. Beta testing is the last stage of testing, and normally involves real world exposure, sending the beta version of the product to independent beta test sites or offering it

free to interested user.

Pilot Testing – A preliminary test that focuses on specific and predefined aspect of a system. It is not meant to replace other testing methods, but rather to provide a limited evaluation of the system. Proof of concept are early pilot tests ?

usually over interim platform and with only basic functionalities.

White box testing – Assess the effectiveness of a software program logic. Specifically, test data are used in determining procedural accuracy or conditions of a program\’s specific logic path. However testing all possible logical path in large

information system is not feasible and would be cost prohibitive, and therefore is used on selective basis only.

Black Box Testing – An integrity based form of testing associated with testing components of an information system\’s “functional” operating effectiveness without regards to any specific internal program structure. Applicable to integration and

user acceptance testing.

Function/validation testing ?It is similar to system testing but it is often used to test the functionality of the system against the detailed requirements to ensure that the software that has been built is traceable to customer requirements.

Regression Testing – The process of rerunning a portion of a test scenario or test plan to ensure that changes or corrections have not introduced new errors. The data used in regression testing should be same as original data.

Parallel Testing – This is the process of feeding test data into two systems ?the modified system and an alternative system and comparing the result.

Sociability Testing – The purpose of these tests is to confirm that new or modified system can operate in its target environment without adversely impacting existing system. This should cover not only platform that will perform primary

application processing and interface with other system but , in a client server and web development, changes to the desktop environment. Multiple application may run on the users desktop, potentially simultaneously , so it is important to test

the impact of installing new dynamic link libraries (DLLs), making operating system registry or configuration file modification, and possibly extra memory utilization.

The following answers are incorrect:

Parallel Testing – This is the process of feeding test data into two systems ?the modified system and an alternative system and comparing the result.

usually over interim platform and with only basic functionalities

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

CISA review manual 2014 Page number 167

Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 176

Question 4:

A central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on the organizational security policy is called:

A. Mandatory Access Control

B. Discretionary Access Control

C. Non-Discretionary Access Control

D. Rule-based Access control

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: A central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on the organizational security policy.

The key focal point of this question is the \’central authority\’ that determines access rights.

Cecilia one of the quiz user has sent me feedback informing me that NIST defines MAC as:

“MAC Policy means that Access Control Policy Decisions are made by a CENTRAL AUTHORITY. Which seems to indicate there could be two good answers to this question.

However if you read the NISTR document mentioned in the references below, it is also mentioned that: MAC is the most mentioned NDAC policy. So MAC is a form of NDAC policy.

Within the same document it is also mentioned: “In general, all access control policies other than DAC are grouped in the category of non- discretionary access control (NDAC). As the name implies, policies in this category have rules that are

not established at the discretion of the user. Non-discretionary policies establish controls that cannot be changed by users, but only through administrative action.”

Under NDAC you have two choices:

Rule Based Access control and Role Base Access Control

MAC is implemented using RULES which makes it fall under RBAC which is a form of NDAC. It is a subset of NDAC.

This question is representative of what you can expect on the real exam where you have more than once choice that seems to be right. However, you have to look closely if one of the choices would be higher level or if one of the choice falls

under one of the other choice. In this case NDAC is a better choice because MAC is falling under NDAC through the use of Rule Based Access Control.

The following are incorrect answers:

MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROL

In Mandatory Access Control the labels of the object and the clearance of the subject determines access rights, not a central authority. Although a central authority (Better known as the Data Owner) assigns the label to the object, the system

does the determination of access rights automatically by comparing the Object label with the Subject clearance. The subject clearance MUST dominate (be equal or higher) than the object being accessed.

The need for a MAC mechanism arises when the security policy of a system dictates that:

1 Protection decisions must not be decided by the object owner. 2 The system must enforce the protection decisions (i.e., the system enforces the security policy over the wishes or intentions of the object owner).

Usually a labeling mechanism and a set of interfaces are used to determine access based on the MAC policy; for example, a user who is running a process at the Secret classification should not be allowed to read a file with a label of Top

Secret. This is known as the “simple security rule,” or “no read up.”

Conversely, a user who is running a process with a label of Secret should not be allowed to write to a file with a label of Confidential. This rule is called the “*-property” (pronounced “star property”) or “no write down.” The *-property is required

to maintain system security in an automated environment.

DISCRETIONARY ACCESS CONTROL

In Discretionary Access Control the rights are determined by many different entities, each of the persons who have created files and they are the owner of that file, not one central authority.

DAC leaves a certain amount of access control to the discretion of the object\’s owner or anyone else who is authorized to control the object\’s access. For example, it is generally used to limit a user\’s access to a file; it is the owner of the file

who controls other users\’ accesses to the file. Only those users specified by the owner may have some combination of read, write, execute, and other permissions to the file.

DAC policy tends to be very flexible and is widely used in the commercial and government sectors. However, DAC is known to be inherently weak for two reasons:

First, granting read access is transitive; for example, when Ann grants Bob read access to a file, nothing stops Bob from copying the contents of Ann\’s file to an object that Bob controls. Bob may now grant any other user access to the copy of

Ann\’s file without Ann\’s knowledge.

Second, DAC policy is vulnerable to Trojan horse attacks. Because programs inherit the identity of the invoking user, Bob may, for example, write a program for Ann that, on the surface, performs some useful function, while at the same time

destroys the contents of Ann\’s files. When investigating the problem, the audit files would indicate that Ann destroyed her own files. Thus, formally, the drawbacks of DAC are as follows:

?Discretionary Access Control (DAC) Information can be copied from one object to another; therefore, there is no real assurance on the flow of information in a system. ?No restrictions apply to the usage of information when the user has

received it. ?The privileges for accessing objects are decided by the owner of the object, rather than through a system-wide policy that reflects the organization\’s security requirements.

ACLs and owner/group/other access control mechanisms are by far the most common mechanism for implementing DAC policies. Other mechanisms, even though not designed with DAC in mind, may have the capabilities to implement a

DAC policy.

RULE BASED ACCESS CONTROL

In Rule-based Access Control a central authority could in fact determine what subjects can have access when assigning the rules for access. However, the rules actually determine the access and so this is not the most correct answer.

RuBAC (as opposed to RBAC, role-based access control) allow users to access systems and information based on pre determined and configured rules. It is important to note that there is no commonly understood definition or formally

defined standard for rule-based access control as there is for DAC, MAC, and RBAC. “Rule-based access” is a generic term applied to systems that allow some form of organization-defined rules, and therefore rule-based access control

encompasses a broad range of systems. RuBAC may in fact be combined with other models, particularly RBAC or DAC. A RuBAC system intercepts every access request and compares the rules with the rights of the user to make an access

decision. Most of the rule-based access control relies on a security label system, which dynamically composes a set of rules defined by a security policy. Security labels are attached to all objects, including files, directories, and devices.

Sometime roles to subjects (based on their attributes) are assigned as well. RuBAC meets the business needs as well as the technical needs of controlling service access. It allows business rules to be applied to access control–for example,

customers who have overdue balances may be denied service access. As a mechanism for MAC, rules of RuBAC cannot be changed by users. The rules can be established by any attributes of a system related to the users such as domain,

host, protocol, network, or IP addresses. For example, suppose that a user wants to access an object in another network on the other side of a router. The router employs RuBAC with the rule composed by the network addresses, domain,

and protocol to decide whether or not the user can be granted access. If employees change their roles within the organization, their existing authentication credentials remain in effect and do not need to be re configured. Using rules in

conjunction with roles adds greater flexibility because rules can be applied to people as well as to devices. Rule-based access control can be combined with role-based access control, such that the role of a user is one of the attributes in rule

setting. Some provisions of access control systems have rule- based policy engines in addition to a role-based policy engine and certain implemented dynamic policies [Des03]. For example, suppose that two of the primary types of software

users are product engineers and quality engineers. Both groups usually have access to the same data, but they have different roles to perform in relation to the data and the application\’s function. In addition, individuals within each group have

different job responsibilities that may be identified using several types of attributes such as developing programs and testing areas. Thus, the access decisions can be made in real time by a scripted policy that regulates the access between

the groups of product engineers and quality engineers, and each individual within these groups. Rules can either replace or complement role-based access control. However, the creation of rules and security policies is also a complex

process, so each organization will need to strike the appropriate balance.

References used for this question:

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/7316/NISTIR-7316pdf

And

AIO v3 p162-167 and OIG (2007) p.186-191

Also

KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 33

Question 5:

In an organization where there are frequent personnel changes, non-discretionary access control using Role Based Access Control (RBAC) is useful because:

A. people need not use discretion

B. the access controls are based on the individual\’s role or title within the organization.

C. the access controls are not based on the individual\’s role or title within the organization

D. the access controls are often based on the individual\’s role or title within the organization

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: In an organization where there are frequent personnel changes, non- discretionary access control (also called Role Based Access Control) is useful because the access controls are based on the individual\’s role or title within the

organization. You can easily configure a new employee acces by assigning the user to a role that has been predefine. The user will implicitly inherit the permissions of the role by being a member of that role.

These access permissions defined within the role do not need to be changed whenever a new person takes over the role.

Another type of non-discretionary access control model is the Rule Based Access Control (RBAC or RuBAC) where a global set of rule is uniformly applied to all subjects accessing the resources. A good example of RuBAC would be a

firewall. This question is a sneaky one, one of the choice has only one added word to it which is often. Reading questions and their choices very carefully is a must for the real exam.

Reading it twice if needed is recommended.

Shon Harris in her book list the following ways of managing RBAC:

Role-based access control can be managed in the following ways:

?Non-RBAC Users are mapped directly to applications and no roles are used. (No roles being used)

?Limited RBAC Users are mapped to multiple roles and mapped directly to other types of applications that do not have role-based access functionality. (A mix of roles for applications that supports roles and explicit access control would be

used for applications that do not support roles)

?Hybrid RBAC Users are mapped to multiapplication roles with only selected rights assigned to those roles.

?Full RBAC Users are mapped to enterprise roles. (Roles are used for all access being granted)

NIST defines RBAC as:

Security administration can be costly and prone to error because administrators usually specify access control lists for each user on the system individually. With RBAC, security is managed at a level that corresponds closely to the

organization\’s structure. Each user is assigned one or more roles, and each role is assigned one or more privileges that are permitted to users in that role. Security administration with RBAC consists of determining the operations that must be

executed by persons in particular jobs, and assigning employees to the proper roles. Complexities introduced by mutually exclusive roles or role hierarchies are handled by the RBAC software, making security administration easier.

Reference(s) used for this question:

KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 32 and

Harris, Shon (2012-10-25). CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, 6th Edition McGraw-Hill.

and

http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/rbac/

CISSP PDF Dumps CISSP VCE Dumps CISSP Study Guide

Question 6:

Which of the following is not a two-factor authentication mechanism?

A. Something you have and something you know.

B. Something you do and a password.

C. A smartcard and something you are.

D. Something you know and a password.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: Something you know and a password fits within only one of the three ways authentication could be done. A password is an example of something you know, thereby something you know and a password does not constitute a

two-factor authentication as both are in the same category of factors.

A two-factor (strong) authentication relies on two different kinds of authentication factors out of a list of three possible choice:

something you know (e.g. a PIN or password),

something you have (e.g. a smart card, token, magnetic card), something you are is mostly Biometrics (e.g. a fingerprint) or something you do (e.g.

signature dynamics).

TIP FROM CLEMENT:

On the real exam you can expect to see synonyms and sometimes sub-categories under the main categories. People are familiar with Pin, Passphrase, Password as subset of Something you know.

However, when people see choices such as Something you do or Something you are they immediately get confused and they do not think of them as subset of Biometrics where you have Biometric implementation based on behavior and

physilogical attributes. So something you do falls under the Something you are category as a subset. Something your do would be signing your name or typing text on your keyboard for example.

Strong authentication is simply when you make use of two factors that are within two different categories.

Reference(s) used for this question:

Shon Harris, CISSP All In One, Fifth Edition, pages 158-159

Question 7:

A Differential backup process will:

A. Backs up data labeled with archive bit 1 and leaves the data labeled as archive bit 1

B. Backs up data labeled with archive bit 1 and changes the data label to archive bit 0

C. Backs up data labeled with archive bit 0 and leaves the data labeled as archive bit 0

D. Backs up data labeled with archive bit 0 and changes the data label to archive bit 1

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Archive bit 1 = On (the archive bit is set).

Archive bit 0 = Off (the archive bit is NOT set).

When the archive bit is set to ON, it indicates a file that has changed and needs to be backed up. Differential backups backup all files changed since the last full. To do this, they don\’t change the archive bit value when they backup a file.

Instead the differential let\’s the full backup make that change. An incremental only backs up data since the last incremental backup. Thus is does change the archive bit from 1 (On) to 0 (Off).

The following answers are incorrect:

Backs up data labeled with archive bit 1 and changes the data label to archive bit 0 – This is the behavior of an incremental backup, not a differential backup. Backs up data labeled with archive bit 0 and leaves the data labeled as archive bit 0

– If the archive bit is set to 0 (Off), it will only be backed up via a Full backup. Everything else will ignore it.

Backs up data labeled with archive bit 0 and changes the data label to archive bit 1 – If the archive bit is set to 0 (Off), it will only be backed up via a Full backup. Everything else will ignore it.

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_bit

Question 8:

A potential problem related to the physical installation of the Iris Scanner in regards to the usage of the iris pattern within a biometric system is:

A. Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage.

B. The iris pattern changes as a person grows older.

C. There is a relatively high rate of false accepts.

D. The optical unit must be positioned so that the sun does not shine into the aperture.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: Because the optical unit utilizes a camera and infrared light to create the images, sun light can impact the aperture so it must not be positioned in direct light of any type. Because the subject does not need to have direct contact

with the optical reader, direct light can impact the reader.

An Iris recognition is a form of biometrics that is based on the uniqueness of a subject\’s iris. A camera like device records the patterns of the iris creating what is known as Iriscode. It is the unique patterns of the iris that allow it to be one of the

most accurate forms of biometric identification of an individual. Unlike other types of biometics, the iris rarely changes over time. Fingerprints can change over time due to scaring and manual labor, voice patterns can change due to a variety

of causes, hand geometry can also change as well. But barring surgery or an accident it is not usual for an iris to change. The subject has a high-resoulution image taken of their iris and this is then converted to Iriscode. The current standard

for the Iriscode was developed by John Daugman. When the subject attempts to be authenticated an infrared light is used to capture the iris image and this image is then compared to the Iriscode. If there is a match the subject\’s identity is

confirmed. The subject does not need to have direct contact with the optical reader so it is a less invasive means of authentication then retinal scanning would be.

Reference(s) used for this question:

AIO, 3rd edition, Access Control, p 134

AIO, 4th edition, Access Control, p 182

Wikipedia – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_recognition

The following answers are incorrect:

Concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage. The optical readers do not use laser so, concern that the laser beam may cause eye damage is not an issue.

The iris pattern changes as a person grows older. The question asked about the physical installation of the scanner, so this was not the best answer. If the question would have been about long term problems then it could have been the best

choice. Recent research has shown that Irises actually do change over time: http://www.nature.com/news/ageing- eyes-hinder-biometric-scans-110722

There is a relatively high rate of false accepts. Since the advent of the Iriscode there is a very low rate of false accepts, in fact the algorithm used has never had a false match. This all depends on the quality of the equipment used but because

of the uniqueness of the iris even when comparing identical twins, iris patterns are unique.

Question 9:

During an IS audit, auditor has observed that authentication and authorization steps are split into two functions and there is a possibility to force the authorization step to be completed before the authentication step. Which of the following technique an attacker could user to force authorization step before authentication?

A. Eavesdropping

B. Traffic analysis

C. Masquerading

D. Race Condition

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: A race condition is when processes carry out their tasks on a shared resource in an incorrect order. A race condition is possible when two or more processes use a shared resource, as in data within a variable. It is important that

the processes carry out their functionality in the correct sequence. If process 2 carried out its task on the data before process 1, the result will be much different than if process1 carried out its tasks on the data before process 2

In software, when the authentication and authorization steps are split into two functions, there is a possibility an attacker could use a race condition to force the authorization step to be completed before the authentication step. This would be a

flaw in the software that the attacker has figured out how to exploit. A race condition occurs when two or more processes use the same resource and the sequences of steps within the software can be carried out in an improper order,

something that can drastically affect the output. So, an attacker can force the authorization step to take place before the authentication step and gain unauthorized access to a resource.

The following answers are incorrect:

Eavesdropping – is the act of secretly listening to the private conversation of others without their consent, as defined by Black\’s Law Dictionary. This is commonly thought to be unethical and there is an old adage that “eavesdroppers seldom

hear anything good of themselves…eavesdroppers always try to listen to matters that concern them.”

Traffic analysis – is the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication. It can be performed even when the messages are encrypted and cannot be decrypted. In general, the

greater the number of messages observed, or even intercepted and stored, the more can be inferred from the traffic. Traffic analysis can be performed in the context of military intelligence, counter-intelligence, or pattern-of-life analysis, and is

a concern in computer security.

Masquerading – A masquerade attack is an attack that uses a fake identity, such as a network identity, to gain unauthorized access to personal computer information through legitimate access identification. If an authorization process is not

fully protected, it can become extremely vulnerable to a masquerade attack. Masquerade attacks can be perpetrated using stolen passwords and logons, by locating gaps in programs, or by finding a way around the authentication process.

The attack can be triggered either by someone within the organization or by an outsider if the organization is connected to a public network. The amount of access masquerade attackers get depends on the level of authorization they\’ve

managed to attain. As such, masquerade attackers can have a full smorgasbord of cyber crime opportunities if they\’ve gained the highest access authority to a business organization. Personal attacks, although less common, can also be

harmful.

Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

CISA review manual 2014 Page number 324

Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 66 CISSP All-In-One Exam guide 6th Edition Page Number 161

Question 10:

Tim is a network administrator of Acme inc. He is responsible for configuring the network devices. John the new security manager reviews the configuration of the Firewall configured by Tim and identifies an issue. This specific firewall is configured in failover mode with another firewall. A sniffer on a PC connected to the same switch as the firewalls can decipher the credentials, used by Tim while configuring the firewalls. Which of the following should be used by Tim to ensure a that no one can eavesdrop on the communication?

A. SSH

B. SFTP

C. SCP

D. RSH

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: The SSH protocol provides an encrypted terminal session to the remote firewalls. By encrypting the data, it prevents sniffing attacks using a protocol analyzer also called a sniffer.

With more and more computers installed in networked environments, it often becomes necessary to access hosts from a remote location. This normally means that a user sends login and password strings for authentication purposes. As long

as these strings are transmitted as plain text, they could be intercepted and misused to gain access to that user account without the authorized user even knowing about it. Apart from the fact that this would open all the user\’s files to an

attacker, the illegal account could be used to obtain administrator or root access or to penetrate other systems. In the past, remote connections were established with telnet, which offers no guards against eavesdropping in the form of

encryption or other security mechanisms. There are other unprotected communication channels, like the traditional FTP protocol and some remote copying programs.

The SSH suite provides the necessary protection by encrypting the authentication strings (usually a login name and a password) and all the other data exchanged between the hosts. With SSH, the data flow could still be recorded by a third

party, but the contents are encrypted and cannot be reverted to plain text unless the encryption key is known. So SSH enables secure communications over insecure networks such as the Internet.

The following answers are incorrect:

SCP and SFTP

The SCP protocol is a network protocol that supports file transfers. The SCP protocol, which runs on port 22, is based on the BSD RCP protocol which is tunneled through the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol to provide encryption and

authentication. SCP might not even be considered a protocol itself, but merely a combination of RCP and SSH. The RCP protocol performs the file transfer and the SSH protocol performs authentication and encryption. SCP protects the

authenticity and confidentiality of the data in transit. It hinders the ability for packet sniffers to extract usable information from the data packets. The SCP protocol has been superseded by the more comprehensive SFTP protocol, which is also

based on SSH.

RSH

RSH?allows a user to execute commands on a remote system without having to log in to the system. For example, RSH can be used to remotely examine the status of a number of access servers without connecting to each communication

server, executing the command, and then disconnecting from the communication server. As described in the rlogin article, the rsh protocol is not secure for network use, because it sends unencrypted information over the network, among

other things. Some implementations also authenticate by sending unencrypted passwords over the network. rsh has largely been replaced by the very similar SSH (secure shell) program on untrusted networks like the internet.

As an example of RSH use, the following executes the command mkdir testdir as user remote user on the computer remote computer:

rsh -l remote user remote computer “mkdir testdir”

After the command has finished RSH terminates. If no command is specified then rsh will log in on the remote system using rlogin.

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

http://www.novell.com/documentation/suse91/suselinux-adminguide/html/ch19s02html and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Shell

and

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_copy

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